Nickel is present in ferritic stainless steels only in trace amounts. They contain significant levels of chromium—up to 27% in some cases—but lack nickel, which makes them vulnerable to all types of corrosion. The strength, however, is more than or on par with that of their austenitic counterparts. Chromium, nickel, and in some grades molybdenum make up the makeup of austenitic stainless steels. As a result, the materials have increased corrosion resistance and good strength.
The materials are heated to a higher temperature and then cooled in the heat treatment processes. Given that ferritic and austenitic steels contain carbon, heating them to high temperatures would cause the development of chromium carbide grains, which would significantly diminish their corrosion resistance. Additionally, the austenitic grain structure is not altered by the heat treatment processes in a way that increases strength. The heat treatment doesn't produce high strength even after reducing corrosion resistance. Austenitic and ferritic steels are not heat treated as a result.
Forging is the process of striking heated steel under intense pressure into the desired shapes. The many products made from these steels can be forged from austenitic and ferritic steels. By reducing the surface porosity, forging also gives the finished product a fine grain structure. The forging procedure increases the products' tensile strength, fatigue strength, and longevity. The goods also get ductile during forging. Forged products are chosen in most applications because of these cutting-edge qualities.
These two steels were both heat-resistant. The procedure of heat treatment involves heating the finished product. As an alternative, these materials might be annealed, which is a manufacturing process that involves heating and cooling. The process of annealing increases the material's hardness but not its strength. The majority of annealing is done on austenitic stainless steels to maintain corrosion resistance and increase hardness. Most ferritic steel varieties don't need to be annealed.
Irradiation is the process of taking neutrons out of atom nuclei. In high temperature applications, particularly in nuclear power generation and other nuclear-related operations, the irradiation processes take place. Steels become irradiated and have significantly lower yield strengths when they are exposed to irradiation temperatures and conditions. The steels must be maintained at the ideal temperature to prevent the irradiation effect. Under a variety of temperatures, the materials don't radiate more quickly. The ideal temperatures for various steel grades might vary.
The grain structure in the metallurgic microstructure defines the ferritic, austenitic, martensitic and duplex steel types. The austenite or gamma phase iron is the forming particle of the austenitic stainless steel. It is a non-magnetic particle structure. The ferrite on the other hand has high magnetic properties in the microstructure. The selection of these materials for various applications consider these magnetic properties in addition to the strength and corrosion resistance.
| EN Grade | ASTM Grade | UNS | Austenitic (A) or Ferritic (F) Stainless Steel | Rp 0.2 | Rp 1.0 | Rm | Elongation A | Elongation A80 | Hardness | Hardness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPa | MPa | MPa | % | % | HR | HB | ||||
| 1.4000 | TYPE 410S | S41008 | F | > 240 | 400 - 600 | > 19 | > 19 | |||
| 1.4003 | S40977 | F | > 280 | 450 - 650 | > 20 | > 20 | ||||
| 1.4016 | TYPE 430 | S43000 | F | > 260 | 430 - 600 | > 20 | > 20 | |||
| 1.4510 | TYPE 439 | S43035 | F | |||||||
| 1.4512 | TYPE 409 | S40900 | F | > 220 | 380 - 560 | > 25 | > 25 | |||
| 1.4520 | F | |||||||||
| 1.4589 | F | |||||||||
| A | ||||||||||
| 1.4301 | TYPE 304 | S30400 | A | > 230 | > 260 | 540 - 750 | > 45 | > 45 | ||
| 1.4303 | TYPE 305 | S30500 | A | > 220 | > 250 | 500 - 650 | ||||
| 1.4306 | TYPE 304L | A | > 220 | > 250 | 520 - 700 | > 45 | > 45 | |||
| 1.4307 | TYPE 304L | S30403 | A | > 220 | > 250 | 520 - 700 | > 45 | > 45 | ||
| 1.4310 | TYPE 301 | S30100 | A | > 250 | > 280 | 600 - 950 | > 40 | > 40 | ||
| 1.4318 | TYPE 301LN | S30153 | A | > 350 | > 380 | 650 - 850 | > 40 | > 35 | ||
| 1.4372 | TYPE 201 | S20100 | A | > 350 | > 380 | 680 - 880 | > 45 | > 45 | ||
| 1.4509 | S43940 | F | > 230 | 430 - 630 | > 18 | > 18 | ||||
| 1.4513 | F | |||||||||
| 1.4541 | TYPE 321 | S32100 | A | > 220 | > 250 | 520 - 720 | > 40 | > 40 | ||
| 1.4550 | TYPE 347H | S34709 | A | |||||||
| 1.4622 | S44330 | F | > 300 | 430 - 630 | > 22 | |||||
| 1.4401 | TYPE 316H | S31609 | A | > 240 | > 270 | 530 - 680 | > 40 | > 40 | ||
| 1.4404 | TYPE 316L | S31603 | A | > 240 | > 270 | 530 - 680 | > 40 | > 40 | ||
| 1.4420 | S31655 | A | > 350 | > 380 | 650 - 850 | > 35 | ||||
| 1.4432 | TYPE 316L | A | > 240 | > 270 | 550 - 700 | > 40 | > 40 | |||
| 1.4435 | TYPE 316L | A | > 240 | > 270 | 550 - 700 | > 40 | > 40 | |||
| 1.4436 | TYPE 316 | A | > 240 | > 270 | 550 - 700 | > 40 | > 40 | |||
| 1.4521 | TYPE 444 | S44400 | F | > 300 | 420 - 640 | > 20 | > 20 | |||
| 1.4571 | TYPE 316Ti | S31635 | A | > 240 | > 270 | 540 - 690 | > 40 | > 40 | ||
| 1.4462 | S32205 | D | > 500 | 700 - 950 | > 20 | > 20 | ||||
| 1.4362 | S32304 | D | > 450 | 650 - 850 | > 20 | > 20 | ||||
| 1.4410 | S32750 | D | > 550 | 750 - 1000 | > 20 | > 20 | ||||
| 1.4016 | TYPE 430 | S43000 | F | > 260 | 430 - 600 | > 20 | > 20 | |||
| 1.4301 | TYPE 304 | S30400 | A | > 230 | > 260 | 540 - 750 | > 45 | > 45 | ||
| 1.4307 | TYPE 304L | S30403 | A | > 220 | > 250 | 520 - 700 | > 45 | > 45 | ||
| 1.4310 | TYPE 301 | S30100 | A | > 250 | > 280 | 600 - 950 | > 40 | > 40 | ||
| 1.4318 | TYPE 301LN | S30153 | A | > 350 | > 380 | 650 - 850 | > 40 | > 35 | ||
| 1.4376 | A | > 400 | > 420 | 600 - 900 | > 40 | > 40 | ||||
| 1.4401 | TYPE 316H | S31609 | A | > 240 | > 270 | 530 - 680 | > 40 | > 40 | ||
| 1.4404 | TYPE 316L | S31603 | A | > 240 | > 270 | 530 - 680 | > 40 | > 40 | ||
| 1.4420 | S31655 | A | > 350 | > 380 | 650 - 850 | > 35 | ||||
| 1.4501 | S32760 | D | ||||||||
| 1.4571 | TYPE 316Ti | S31635 | A | > 240 | > 270 | 540 - 690 | > 40 | > 40 | ||
| FDX 27 | S82031 | D | ||||||||
| 1.4162 | S32101 | D | > 530 | 700 - 900 | > 30 | > 20 | ||||
| 1.4662 | S82441 | D | > 550 | 750 - 900 | > 25 | > 20 | ||||
| 1.4547 | S31254 | A | > 320 | > 350 | 650 - 850 | > 35 | > 35 | |||
| 1.4438 | TYPE 317L | S31703 | A | |||||||
| 1.4529 | N08926 | A | ||||||||
| 1.4652 | S32654 | A | > 430 | > 470 | 750 - 1000 | > 40 | > 40 | |||
| 1.4466 | S31050 | A | ||||||||
| 1.4539 | N08904 | A | > 240 | > 270 | 530 - 730 | > 35 | > 35 | |||
| A | ||||||||||
| 1.4006 | TYPE 410 | S41000 | M | < 600 | > 20 | > 20 | ||||
| 1.4021 | TYPE 420 | M | < 700 | > 15 | ||||||
| 1.4024 | M | < 650 | > 20 | > 20 | ||||||
| 1.4031 | M | < 760 | > 12 | > 12 | ||||||
| 1.4034 | M | < 780 | > 12 | > 12 | ||||||
| 1.4110 | M | < 850 | > 12 | > 12 | ||||||
| 1.4116 | M | < 850 | > 12 | > 12 | ||||||
| 1.4122 | M | < 900 | > 12 | > 12 | ||||||
| PH | < 1275 | > 5 | > 5 | |||||||
| 1.4568 | TYPE 631 | PH | < 1030 | > 19 | > 19 | |||||
| 1.4835 | S30815 | A | > 310 | > 350 | 650 - 850 | > 40 | > 37 | |||
| 1.4724 | F | |||||||||
| 1.4828 | A | > 230 | > 270 | 550 - 750 | > 30 | > 28 | ||||
| 1.4833 | TYPE 309S | S30908 | A | > 210 | > 250 | 500 - 700 | > 35 | > 33 | ||
| 1.4841 | TYPE 314 | A | ||||||||
| 1.4845 | TYPE 310S | S31008 | A | > 210 | > 250 | 500 - 700 | > 33 | |||
| 1.4948 | TYPE 304H | S30409 | A | > 230 | > 260 | 530 - 740 | > 45 | > 45 | ||
| 1.4305 | TYPE 303 | A | ||||||||
| 1.4307 | TYPE 304L | S30403 | A | > 220 | > 250 | 520 - 700 | > 45 | > 45 | ||
| 1.4404 | TYPE 316L | S31603 | A | > 240 | > 270 | 530 - 680 | > 40 | > 40 | ||
| PH | < 1275 | > 5 | > 5 |
| GRADE | EN | WEIGHT % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CR | OTHER ELEMENTS | ||
| 405 | 1.4000 | 12.0 - 14.0 | - |
| 409L | 1.4512 | 10.5 - 12.5 | 6(C+N)<Ti<0.65 |
| 410L | 1.4003 | 10.5 - 12.5 | 0.3<Ni<1.0 |
| 430 | 1.4016 | 16.0 - 18.0 | - |
| 439 | 1.4510 | 16.0 - 18.0 | 0.15+4(C+N)<Ti<0.8 |
| 430Ti | 1.4511 | 16.0 -18.0 | Ti: 0.6 |
| 441 | 1.4509 | 17.5 - 18.5 | 0.1<Ti<0.6
0.3+3C<Nb<1.0 |
| 434 | 1.4113 | 16.0 - 18.0 | 0.9<Mo<1.4 |
| 436 | 1.4513 | 16.0 - 18.0 | 0.9<Mo<1.4
0.3<Ti<0.6 |
| 444 | 1.4521 | 17.0 - 20.0 | 1.8<Mo<2.5
0.15+4(C+N)<Ti+Nb<0.8 |
| 447 | 1.4592 | 28 - 30.0 | 3.5<Mo<4.5
0.15+4(C+N)<Ti<0.8 |
| EURONORM (EN) / WERKSTOFF NUMBER | EN DESIGNATION | AISI / SS | MO | C | CR | NI | OTHERS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.4310 | X10CrNi18-8 | 301 | NS | 0.10 | 17.5 | 8 | NS |
| 1.4301 | X5CrNi18-10 | 304 | NS | < 0.07 | 18.5 | 9 | NS |
| 1.4307 | X2CrNi18-9 | 304L | NS | < 0.030 | 18.5 | 9 | NS |
| 1.4305 | X8CrNiS18-9 e | 303 | NS | < 0.10 | 18 | 9 | 0.3 |
| 1.4541 | X6CrNiTi18-10 | 321 | NS | < 0.08 | 18 | 10.5 | Ti: 5×C ≤ 0.70 |
| 1.4401 | X5CrNiMo17-12-2 | 316 | 2.2 | < 0.07 | 17.5 | 11.5 | NS |
| 1.4404 | X2CrNiMo17-12-2 | 316L | 2.25 | < 0.030 | 17.5 | 11.5 | NS |
| 1.4571 | X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 | 316Ti | 2.25 | < 0.08 | 17.5 | 12 | Ti: 5×C ≤ 0.70 |
